England A-level downgrades hit pupils from disadvantaged areas hardest

Analysis also shows pupils at private schools benefited most from algorithm

• A-level results – live updates

Pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds have been worst hit by the controversial standardisation process used to award A-level grades in England this year, while pupils at private schools benefited the most.

Private schools increased the proportion of students achieving top grades – A* and A – twice as much as pupils at comprehensives, official data showed.

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